MOTS-c Co
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Compounded, not FDA-approved

A decade of real discovery science and no published human dose

MOTS-c is a genuine mitochondrial-derived peptide with a Cell Metabolism discovery paper, mouse lifespan data and large human genetic-association cohorts behind it. What it does not have is a single published study in which a person was given it. FDA, after its own search, reports no human exposure data by any route. The completed human trial people cite tested CB4211, a different molecule, and never published a result. Every row below names the species and the molecule actually studied.

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  • 34graded rows in our evidence table, each naming the species and the molecule actually studied
  • 16of those gave MOTS-c or its variant to an animal or to cells
  • 0published studies that gave MOTS-c to a person (one Phase 2a trial is recruiting, unreported)
  • 42fetch-verified citations, 100.0 percent peer-reviewed, government or trial registry

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Compounded injectable treatmentPrepared after approval
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Prescription treatment requires an online medical evaluation. A provider will determine whether treatment is medically appropriate; approval is not guaranteed.

Key facts

  • StatusCompounded, not FDA-approved
  • Human plasma half-lifeNever measuredsource
  • Animal pharmacokineticsNo in vivo PK or toxicokinetic study identifiedsource
  • Bioavailability (any route)Never characterizedsource
  • Stability in human blood (in vitro)Cut to MOTS-c(2-16) through (5-16) within 15 minutes at 5 mcg/mLsource
  • Active concentrations after dosingFDA: remains to be determinedsource
  • Dose-response in animalsNot established in vivo, per FDA reviewsource
  • Detection in sportValidated plasma LC-MS method published 2019source
  • ClassMitochondrial-derived peptide (16 amino acids, encoded in MT-RNR1)Chemical referencesource
  • Formula / weightC101H152N28O22S2 / 2174.6 g/mol (free base)Chemical referencesource
  • SequenceMRWQEMGYIFYPRKLRChemical referencesource
  • FDA approvalNone, any form (Drugs@FDA: no record for MOTS-c)Regulatory recordsource
  • Human exposure dataFDA has not identified any, by any routeRegulatory recordsource
  • Published human dosing studiesNone found by FDA or by our own search of 248 PubMed recordsAbsence of evidencesource
  • Registered human trials of MOTS-c1 (Phase 2a, recruiting, no results posted)Registry recordsource
  • Human half-lifeNever measured, in any speciesAbsence of evidencesource
  • Animal toxicity packageNo acute, repeat-dose, genotoxicity, reproductive or carcinogenicity studies identifiedAbsence of evidencesource
  • July 2026 PCACFDA proposed MOTS-c free base and acetate NOT be added to the 503A listRegulatory recordsource
  • WADA 2026Named under S4.4.1 (AMPK activators); prohibited at all timesRegulatory recordsource
  • Analog with human dataCB4211, Phase 1a/1b completed 2021, no results postedRegistry recordsource

Read the full MOTS-c monograph

Browse by topic

Everything on MOTS-c, organized the way you research it.

Evidence17 articlesSourcing11 articlesDosing11 articlesSafety7 articlesComparisons6 articles

Free MOTS-c tools

Practical calculators and references, each scoped and sourced.

T-01MOTS-c reconstitution calculatorConcentration, per-dose volume, U-100 syringe units and doses per vial from stated vial size, diluent volume and dose mass. Vial strength is treated as user-asserted because no approved label exists.T-02MOTS-c syringe unit and mass converterTwo-way conversion between mg, mcg, mL and U-100 insulin syringe units at a given concentration.T-03MOTS-c study-dose explorerInteractive per-compound data component: browse every dose used in the published MOTS-c literature, filtered by species, route and model, with each row linking its study and labeling the molecule actually administered. Renders monograph.studies and tool-data.doses_reported; every displayed data point is ledger-backed.

All guides

52 in-depth, individually cited guides.

Evidence 17 guides

How long does MOTS-c take to work? the honest timelineThere's no verified human timeline for MOTS-c effects. Here's what the rodent and cell data show about onset, and why 'how long' is still an open question.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
How to take MOTS-c peptide: dose, route, timing, evidenceThere's no approved human dosing protocol for MOTS-c. Here's what the animal and cell data actually show, and why that gap matters before you inject anything.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
MOTS-c peptide: what the research actually showsMOTS-c has real mouse and cell data on metabolism, muscle, and mitochondria. Human trials are essentially absent. Here's what's proven and what's marketing.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
MOTS-c and blood work: what actually changes, what doesn'tNo human trials show MOTS-c changes standard labs. Here's what rodent data suggests you might watch, and why bloodwork claims outrun the evidence.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
MOTS-c: animal studies vs human evidence, explainedOver 30 MOTS-c studies exist, nearly all in mice or cells. Here's what the actual human evidence shows, and why 'exercise mimetic' outruns the data.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
MOTS-c before and after claims: what the evidence really showsMOTS-c before-and-after claims run far past the data. Almost all findings are rodent or cell studies, no controlled human trials exist yet. Here's the real evidence.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
MOTS-c clinical trials: what human evidence actually existsNo completed MOTS-c human clinical trials are published as of 2026. Here's what the animal and cell data actually show, and what that gap means for you.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
MOTS-c half life: what's actually known about how long it lastsNo published human half-life exists for MOTS-c. Here's what rodent pharmacokinetics, dosing patterns, and the peptide's own biology actually tell us.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
MOTS-c results: what the research actually showsMOTS-c has strong rodent and cell data on metabolism and mitochondria, but no published human RCT results. Here's the evidence, study by study.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
MOTS-c stacked with other peptides: what evidence supports itMOTS-c is often stacked with GLP-1s, growth hormone peptides, or NAD+. Here's what the (mostly rodent) data says about each pairing, and what's just guesswork.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
MOTS-c timeline: what to expect week by weekThere's no human dosing trial to cite a timeline from. Here's what the rodent and cell data actually show about MOTS-c's speed of action, honestly ranged.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
What does MOTS-c actually do? the evidence, decodedMOTS-c raised muscle glucose uptake in mice (Cell Metab 2015). Here's what's actually been shown in rodents and cells vs. what's just marketing.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
How to take MOTS-c: what the research actually supportsThere's no approved human dosing for MOTS-c. Here's what animal and cell studies show, how it's typically handled in research, and the real gaps.Updated 2026-07-24Read guide →
MOTS-c human studies: what the research actually showsMOTS-c has zero completed human efficacy trials on PubMed. Every metabolic claim traces to mouse or cell data. Here's the real evidence, study by study.Updated 2026-07-24Read guide →
MOTS-c mechanism of action: what it actually does in cellsMOTS-c acts inside mitochondria and the nucleus to shift metabolism. Here's the real cell biology, from a 2015 Cell Metabolism study to 2025 findings, with no hype.Updated 2026-07-24Read guide →
MOTS-c peptide before and after: what the evidence really showsNo published human before-and-after data exists for MOTS-c. Here's what the mouse and cell studies actually found, and how to read anecdotal reports.Updated 2026-07-24Read guide →
When to take MOTS-c peptide: timing, cycles, and the evidence gapThere's no human clinical trial to base MOTS-c timing on. Here's what the mouse and cell data actually suggest, and how people are timing it anyway.Updated 2026-07-24Read guide →

Sourcing 11 guides

Best time of day to take mots-c peptideThere's no clinical trial on MOTS-c timing in humans. Here's what the exercise and circadian biology actually supports, and what's just guessing.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
How to verify MOTS-c quality before you buy itMOTS-c has no FDA-approved product and no CoA standard. Here's what to actually check: purity data, sourcing docs, and why 21 CFR 216.23/216.24 matter.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
Is MOTS-c FDA approved? the straight answerNo. MOTS-c has zero FDA-approved indications and isn't on either legal compounding bulks list (21 CFR 216.23, 216.24). Here's what that actually means for you.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
MOTS-c certificate of analysis explained: what to checkA MOTS-c certificate of analysis should show purity, identity, and mass by lab test. Here's how to read one and what red flags mean.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
MOTS-c compounding pharmacy vs research supplier: what's the gapCompounded MOTS-c and research-only MOTS-c differ in oversight, sourcing law, and quality checks. Here's the actual regulatory and evidence picture, no spin.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
MOTS-c cost and pricing: what you actually get for the moneyMOTS-c vials run roughly $60 to $180. Here's what drives the price, why cheap sources are risky, and what the human evidence does and doesn't support.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
MOTS-c peptide near me: what to actually check firstSearching "MOTS-c peptide near me"? Here's what matters before location: the evidence is mostly rodent, sourcing rules are strict, and provider review beats proximity.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
MOTS-c prescription requirements: what's actually legal hereMOTS-c is not FDA approved for any use. Here's what that means legally, why compounders can still sell it, and what a real medical review looks like.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
MOTS-c purity and testing: what buyers should actually checkThere's no FDA-approved MOTS-c product, so purity claims rest on lab paperwork. Here's what a real certificate of analysis should show and why it matters.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
MOTS-c legal status: is it legal to buy, sell, or use?MOTS-c isn't FDA-approved for any use and sits off the 503A/503B bulk drug lists. Here's what that actually means for buyers, sellers, and clinics in 2026.Updated 2026-07-24Read guide →
MOTS-c peptide buy: what you're actually gettingMOTS-c has zero FDA-approved products and thin human data. Here's what's real before you buy: legal status, purity risks, and what to ask a supplier.Updated 2026-07-24Read guide →

Dosing 11 guides

Does MOTS-c need to be refrigerated? storage rules explainedReconstituted MOTS-c needs a fridge at 36-46°F and should be used within weeks. Lyophilized vials store frozen or refrigerated. Here's the actual handling logic.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
MOTS-c cycle length: what the actual research supportsThere's no validated human cycle length for MOTS-c. Here's what the rodent and cell data suggest, how people are structuring cycles anyway, and the real gaps.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
MOTS-c dosage: what the research actually supportsThere is no approved MOTS-c dosage chart for humans. Here's what the animal data used, what providers typically follow, and where the real gaps are.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
MOTS-c dosage calculator: why one doesn't really exist yetNo validated MOTS-c dosage calculator exists. Human dose-finding data is thin. Here's what the animal and cell research actually supports, and how people estimate anyway.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
MOTS-c injection sites: where it's given in the studiesMOTS-c injection sites in published research: subcutaneous vs intraperitoneal, rodent doses used, and why human site guidance doesn't exist yet.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
Best time to take mots-c peptide: what the evidence supportsThere is no human trial on MOTS-c dose timing. Here's what the mouse and cell data actually show, and how people time doses in practice.Updated 2026-07-24Read guide →
How to reconstitute MOTS-c: a practical, careful protocolHow to reconstitute MOTS-c peptide with bacteriostatic water, correct dilution math, storage rules, and why the human dosing evidence is still thin.Updated 2026-07-24Read guide →
MOTS-c 10mg dosage calculator: how the math actually worksA working guide to the MOTS-c 10mg dosage calculator math: reconstitution, mcg-per-unit conversion, and what human dosing evidence does (and doesn't) exist.Updated 2026-07-24Read guide →
MOTS-c: how to inject it, reconstitution, and injection sitesA protocol-level look at MOTS-c injection technique, reconstitution, timing, and sites, with an honest read of what the animal and cell data actually show.Updated 2026-07-24Read guide →
MOTS-c peptide injection: reconstitution and use protocolHow MOTS-c peptide injections are reconstituted, dosed, and stored, plus what the mostly rodent evidence actually supports before you inject anything.Updated 2026-07-24Read guide →
MOTS-c storage and shelf life: how to keep it stableMOTS-c stays stable frozen for years, refrigerated (36-46°F) for weeks after reconstitution, but degrades fast at room temperature or in light. Here's the evidence.Updated 2026-07-24Read guide →

Safety 7 guides

MOTS-c and drug testing: is it banned for athletes?MOTS-c isn't named on WADA's 2024 or 2025 Prohibited List by that name, but its metabolic effects could fall under broader peptide categories. Here's the actual risk.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
MOTS-c drug interactions: what's actually known so farNo human interaction trials exist for MOTS-c. Here's what rodent and cell data suggest about diabetes drugs, statins, and other meds, and how to think about the gap.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
MOTS-c in women: what the research actually showsNearly all MOTS-c data is rodent or cell studies. Here's what's known about MOTS-c in women, including gestational diabetes and ovarian cancer research.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
Is MOTS-c safe? what the human safety data actually showsHuman safety data on MOTS-c is thin: no completed FDA-registered trials. Here's what the animal and cell studies show, and what that gap means for you.Updated 2026-07-24Read guide →
MOTS-c contraindications: who should not use it, and whyNo human trials define MOTS-c contraindications. Here's what the rodent, cell, and safety-review data actually say about who should avoid it, and why.Updated 2026-07-24Read guide →
MOTS-c long term side effects: what's known, what isn'tThere is no published human long-term safety data on MOTS-c. Here's what the rodent and cell studies actually show, and how to think about the gap.Updated 2026-07-24Read guide →
MOTS-c side effects: what the evidence actually showsHuman safety data on MOTS-c is nearly nonexistent. Here's what rodent and cell studies show, what's unknown, and why 'no reported side effects' isn't proof.Updated 2026-07-24Read guide →

Comparisons 6 guides

MOTS-c vs exercise: what the peptide does that exercise doesn'tMOTS-c rises with exercise and mimics some of its signaling in mice, per Cell Metabolism 2015. Human trials comparing the two directly don't exist yet.Updated 2026-07-25Read guide →
MOTS-c vs 5-amino-1MQ: what the research actually showsMOTS-c and 5-amino-1MQ get lumped together as fat-loss peptides. Here's how their biology, evidence base, and risk profile actually compare.Updated 2026-07-24Read guide →
MOTS-c vs AOD-9604: two peptides that don't do the same jobMOTS-c targets mitochondrial metabolism; AOD-9604 targets fat breakdown via a growth hormone fragment. Neither has strong human trial data. Here's the actual comparison.Updated 2026-07-24Read guide →
MOTS-c vs metformin: what the evidence actually supportsMetformin has decades of human trials and an FDA approval. MOTS-c has zero completed human trials. Here's the honest comparison, mechanism by mechanism.Updated 2026-07-24Read guide →
Mots-c vs nad+: what the research actually showsmots-c and NAD+ both target mitochondria but through different mechanisms. Here's what the rodent and cell data show, and where human evidence is thin for both.Updated 2026-07-24Read guide →
MOTS-c vs SLU-PP-332: what the research actually saysMOTS-c has 2015 human-relevant Cell Metabolism data behind it. SLU-PP-332 has zero published human safety data. Here's the honest comparison.Updated 2026-07-24Read guide →

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